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Steps to Modern Thought
1.
Renaissance
*humanism
*start to think about man's life on earth
*the power of the Catholic Church starts to decrease
2.
Reformation
*Catholic Church's authority is challenged by Luther, Calvin & others
*People start to think about an
individual's relationship with g-d
*People begin to read the Bible on their own
3. Scientific Revolution
*scientists
use logic, reason, human mental ability to solve problems
*universe is viewed as a machine
*people tried to predict
outcomes (results) based on logical thinking & observation
4. Enlightenment
*philosophers use scientific methods
(logic, reason, observation, etc) to look at human behavior
*use scientific methods to solve human problems and create
ideal situations (eg - what kind of government is the best?)
Scientific Revolution Notes (9/2012)
Rene Descartes (deductive
reasoning) – Discourses on Method
Too many laws lead to confusion, so a country is best guided
by only a few laws. I use only 4 rules of logic which work well for me.
1. Never believe something is true unless I know
it for certain.
2.
Divide problems into as many manageable small parts as possible.
3. Start with easy & work way to most complex
till I’ve solved the problem.
4. Will keep complete notes so I won’t forget anything.
These rules are the same in geometry; it is a good
example. So, stop blindly accepting as truth things that people are unsure about & investigate all problems using a step-by-step
method to allow deduction of one truth from another.
Steps to Scientific Method:
1. State problem.
2.
Gather info on problem.
3.
Organize and order collected info.
4. Create a hypothesis/solution based on gathered info.
5. Draw deductions
from hypothesis/solution.
6.
Check truth of hypothesis/solution.
Francis Bacon (inductive reasoning) – Magna Instauratio
People who are content with the present are not making plans for the future. Books nowadays say nothing new, only
old/same stuff over & over. Knowledge of science hasn’t progressed at all. No new answers or questions, even in
academics. People, only a few, do conduct experiments, but don’t have a set step-by-step standard. People rely on old
books rather than own intellect. People should record only carefully designed experiments. Facts should prove all hypotheses
true or false.
Francis Bacon Reading:
Rene Descartes Reading:
Notes on the Enlightenment, 9/5-6/07:
Enlightenment
= Age of Reason
during 1700s/ 18th century
philosophe/philosopher
John Locke -
1600s
people can govern themselves
natural rights = life, liberty, & property
Baron de Montesquieu -
1700s
every government is valid
constitutional monarchy vs. absolute monarchy
GB vs. Fr
Magna Carta
checks & balances
3 branches of government = executive, legislative
& judicial
Thomas Hobbes -
1600s
people are mean, warlike, brutish, can't run
own lives
absolute monarchy
John Jacques Rousseau -
the General Will = rule of the majority
Voltaire -
freedom from censorship, of religion, of speech
Notes on the Enlightenment 9/7/07-
Adam Smith
gov't should not interfere with business or trade
physiocrat
laissez-faire
supply and demand
Wealth of Nations
Mary Wollstonecraft
Vindication of the Rights of Women
women are equal to men
women should be educated; public education for all
daughter Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein
Enlightenment (Section 1.2) deals with:
Enlightened ideas spread via books and salons
Enlightened Despots are - Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia and Joseph II
of Austria
Social/Cultural Trends - music, art & serfs
compare/contrast US & GB government
US -
president elected by people
congress
Democrats/Republicans
representative democracy
constitution 1787 changed by amendments
3 branches
GB -
prime minister elected/appointed by majority political party
Parliament
whigs/tories (1700s); now Labour/Conservatives/Liberals
consitutional monarchy
Magna Carta 1215
Bill of Rights 1689
both are changed by passage of laws
2 branches of government
American Revolution Board Notes:
1750s – French & Indian War/
Seven Years
1764 – Sugar Act
1765 – Stamp Act
Stamp Act Congress
1770 – Boston
Massacre
1773 – Tea Act
Boston Tea Party
Samuel Adams
Sons of Liberty
1774 – Quartering Act
1775 – Battles of Lexington
& Concord
Governor General Thomas Gage
1776 – Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
Continental Congress
1777 – Battle
of Saratoga
French aid USA
1781 – Battle
of Yorktown
General Cornwallis
1782-83 – Treaty of Paris
Recommended Reading:
Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws
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Study Guide Chapter
6
Scientific Revolution,
Enlightenment & American Revolution
Geocentric theory
Scientific Revolution, 1500s-1700s
Heliocentric theory
Nicholaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Scientific method
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
Issac Newton
Examples of scientific instruments
Andreas Vesalius
Edward Jenner
Robert Boyle
Enlightenment, 1600s-1700s
Age of Reason
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Social contract
Philosophes
Voltaire
Baron de Montesquieu
Jean Jaques Rousseau
Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
Mary Wollstonecraft
Other women of the Enlightenment
Legacy of the Enlightenment
Satire
Paris
Salons
Diderot’s Encyclopedia
Baroque
Neoclassical
Classical music
Novels
Enlightened despots
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Joseph II of Austria
Catherine the Great of Russia
Northern America colonies (know map)
Navigation Act
French & Indian War
Stamp Act
Boston Tea Party
Battle of Lexington & Concord
Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776
Thomas Jefferson
Battle of Saratoga, 1777
Colonial advantages/disadvantages during the revolution
Battle of Yorktown, 1781
Articles of Confederation
US Constitution
Federal system
Checks & balances
Bill of Rights
Possible Essay topics -
1. compare/contrast the various philosophes
2. analyze the causes and/or effects of the American Revolution
3. compare/contrast the different types of government that the American colonies
and/or early United States had
4. Discuss the importance of discoveries during the Scientific Revolution
Extra Credit: Create a review game, hard copy board game or
digital, that you and/or a partner can share with the class the day of the review. It should include all of the terms on the
study guide. According to the effectiveness of the game, you and your partner may earn +5 on your test.
Review:
2014 students
-
Period 4=25MC+essay
Period 5&6=50MC
Go to www.classzone.com for online aids aligned with your textbook. There are audio tours, self-tests, and additional section
summaries that will be helpful for this class. There are also online review quizzes at www.phschool.com.
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